PA saints outline

wk 1 Introduction teasers

What is free-for-all allegory?

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Author	Mustard
Bailey	Mustard seed proverbial for great growth of kingdom. In OT trees are an image of great kingdoms with worldwide impact. Birds of air may symbolise Gentiles. No referent for man or field.
Barbieri	Sphere of professing followers would grow into a large entity. No referent for man, tree or field.
Blomberg	No referent for man, mustard seed or field. Birds of the air may refer to predominantly Gentile peoples
Carson	No referent for man, mustard seed or field. Mustard seed a metaphor for small beginning.
Davies and Allison	No referent for man, mustard seed or field. Did Matthew think of the birds of the air as standing for Gentiles? One guesses that he did.
Dodd	Tree is a symbol for a great empire offering political protection to its subject-states. Process of obscure development is at an end. The Kingdom of God is here: birds are flocking to find shelter in shade of tree.
Ellisen	No referent for man, mustard seed, field, tree or birds. Focus on growth.
France	No referent for man, mustard seed, field. Tree may refer to great empire. Birds of heaven may be symbolic of all the nations.
Hagner	No referents given.
Hunter	Tree a symbol for world-wide empire embracing all peoples. Birds of the air a rabbinic name for the Gentiles. No referent for man, mustard seed or his field.
Jeremias	Tree symbolises world power. “Birds of the air” is an eschatological technical term for the incorporation of the Gentiles into the people of God.
Lockyer	The man is the Son of Man, the field is the world and the seed is that sown on Pentecost. Tree refers to ecclesiastical and religious-political systems and birds, of the air symbolise Satan and his evil forces.
Luz	In light of previous parable, the person who sows is understood as the Son of Man and the field as the world. Birds of the air may conceivably be Gentiles.
Kingsbury	Field alludes to Israel. Man that sowed refers to Jesus. Tree a picture of a mighty empire and birds of the air is a veiled reference to Gentiles.
Kistemaker	Mustard seed is effectively the message of salvation. Christianity has become a tree that provides shelter for people everywhere.
Nolland	Jesus must be the sower. No other referents.
Snodgrass	Mustard seed analogous to Jesus’ proclamation of the kingdom. Seems to prefer no other referents.
Toussaint	Tree and birds can be connected to growth in number of those who will be heirs of the kingdom.
Turner	No specific referents.
Walvoord	Number of true Christians and professing Christians will increase.
Wenham	No specific referents.
Wiersbe	Tree is a symbol of world power. Birds taken as negative.